Despite the refusal of the Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass, to release any DNA results which might indicate the racial ancestry of Pharaoh Tutankhamen, the leaked results reveal that King Tut’s DNA is a 99.6 percent match with Western European Y chromosomes.
The DNA test results were inadvertently revealed on a Discovery Channel TV documentary filmed with Hawass’s permission — but it seems as if the Egyptian failed to spot the giveaway part of the documentary which revealed the test results.
Hawass previously announced that he would not release the racial DNA results of Egyptian mummies — obviously because he feared the consequences of such a revelation.
On the Discovery Channel broadcast, which can be seen on the Discovery Channel website here, or if they pull it, on YouTube here, at approximately 1:53 into the video, the camera pans over a printout of DNA test results from King Tut.
Firstly, here is a brief explanation of the results visible in the video. It is a list of what is called Short Tandem Repeats (STRs).
STRs are repeated DNA sequences which are “short repeat units” whose characteristics make them especially suitable for human identification.
These STR values for 17 markers visible in the video are as follows:
DYS 19 – 14 (? not clear)
DYS 385a – 11
DYS 385b – 14
DYS 389i – 13
DYS 389ii – 30
DYS 390 – 24
DYS 391 – 11
DYS 392 – 13
DYS 393 – 13
DYS 437 – 14 (? not clear)
DYS 438 – 12
DYS 439 – 10
DYS 448 – 19
DYS 456 – 15
DYS 458 – 16
DYS 635 – 23
YGATAH4 – 11
What does this mean? Fortunately, a genius by the name of Whit Athey provides the key to this list. Mr Athey is a retired physicist whose working career was primarily at the Food and Drug Administration where he was chief of one of the medical device labs.
Mr Athey received his doctorate in physics and biochemistry at Tufts University, and undergraduate (engineering) and masters (math) degrees at Auburn University. For several years during the 1980s, he also taught one course each semester in the electrical engineering department of the University of Maryland. Besides his interest in genetic genealogy, he is an amateur astronomer and has his own small observatory near his home in Brookeville, MD.
He also runs a very valuable website called the “Haplogroup Predictor” which allows users to input STR data and generate the haplogroup which marks those STR data.
For those who want to know what a haplogroup is, here is a “simple” definition: a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation.
Still none the wiser? Damn these scientists.
Ok, let’s try it this way: a haplotype is a combination of multiple specific locations of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.
Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, for example R1b or R1b1. Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA haplogroups have different haplogroup designations. In essence, haplogroups give an inisight into ancestral origins dating back thousands of years.
By entering all the STR data inadvertently shown on the Discovery video, a 99.6 percent fit with the R1b haplogroup is revealed.
The significance is, of course, that R1b is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe reaching its highest concentrations in Ireland, Scotland, western England and the European Atlantic seaboard — in other words, European through and through.
So much for the Afro-centrists and others who have derided the very obvious northwestern European appearance of a large number of the pharonic mummies. It seems like March of the Titans was right after all…
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the Skeptic
Perhaps the article at this link will set you straight.:
the Skeptic
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266/
“Genetic contributions from the Neolithic and Bantu expansions are observed in East Africa and are demarcated by a reciprocal north-south partitioning of their respective markers. As stated above, Kenya is the northern limit of E3a-M2, whereas J-12f2, described as a marker of the Neolithic expansion (Semino et al. 2000), extends southward only as far as Ethiopia. The geographic distribution of these chromosomes is consistent with the arrangement of the Ethiopian Jews, and the Kenyan and Tanzanian populations in the CA (fig. 4) along the first dimension. These groups lie between the sub-Saharan and North African populations in the plot. The intermediate status of these three East African groups is mirrored in the ML phylogeny (fig. 3) as well, since, in the North African/East African/South African cluster, the Ethiopian Jews, the Tanzanians, and the Kenyans are wedged between the North African (including Oman) and either the Central African (as is the case with the Ethiopian Jews and Tanzanians) or South African groups (see the position of the Kenyans in the ML tree).”
Ancestral Allele 12f2.1 (12f2a) – Haplogroup BT (LONG 10 kb)
Derived Allele 12f2.2 (12f2b) – Haplogroup D2 (Deletion – loss to 8 Kb).
The loss happened on the XX and XY chromosomes during an evolutionary mutation event. It is predominantly a ‘European’ deletion as African Blacks, Orientals, and Native Americans have the LONG 10 Kb ancestral allele.
The Amhara who have the deletion (12f2.2 (b) are not admixed because of the mutation. Best case scenario will have more daughters than sons unless further mutations create another loss to the Y-chromosome.
What do you not understand? It is not semitic. Italians have been tested for it and it can be a risk of infertility in future male children. Maybe you think only White-Semitics are at risk for infertility?
Cool. But this subject is resolved to my satisfaction without depending solely on a particular genetic mutation that may not have anything to with admixture but a sweep in the Haplogroup J*12f2.2 (12f2b). If J*12f2.1 (a) then no deletion on the Y-chromosome.
the Skeptic
Why don’t you read the WHOLE study, and, determine how the J* got in these Black tribes – the study from which YOU quote says it was due to Arab slave trade J* followed the pattern into Ethiopia from the Arabian Peninsula – see the FULL STUDY, including YOUR quote here – judge from that, who is wrong – HINT: not me:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266/
CN
You are a very hard headed person, lol.
“Group VI (haplotype 54, which carries the M201 mutation, …, which carry the p12f2 mutation) represents 16% and 5% of the northern and eastern African chromosomes, respectively, but is absent in sub-Saharan populations.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC447595/
…Haplotypes carrying the M201 or p12f2 mutations are common in southern central Europe and the Middle East (Semino et al. 1996, 2000; Rosser et al. 2000; Malaspina et al. 2001; Scozzari et al. 2001), and their distribution has been associated with the Neolithic expansion from the Middle East (Semino et al. 1996, 2000; Bosch et al. 2001). It is worth noting that the frequency of group VI chromosomes in the Ethiopian Jews (just one chromosome out of 22) is similar to that reported for the p12f2 chromosomes in the Oromo from Ethiopia (4%) and is considerably lower than the frequency reported for the Amhara of the same region (33%), for whom a strong Middle Eastern genetic component has been reported (Semino et al. 2002). These data, together with those reported elsewhere (Ritte et al. 1993a, 1993b; Hammer et al. 2000) suggest that the Ethiopian Jews acquired their religion without substantial genetic admixture from Middle Eastern peoples and that they can be considered an ethnic group with essentially a continental African genetic composition.”
The study you gave me…
:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266/
Links to this:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062480
Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations.
(Khoisan – ancestral p12f2/Alu/10 kb)Abstract
“Binary polymorphisms associated with the non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY) preserve the paternal genetic legacy of our species that has persisted to the present, permitting inference of human evolution, population affinity and demographic history. We used denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC; ref. 2) to identify 160 of the 166 bi-allelic and 1 tri-allelic site that formed a parsimonious genealogy of 116 haplotypes, several of which display distinct population affinities based on the analysis of 1062 globally representative individuals. A minority of contemporary East Africans and Khoisan represent the descendants of the most ancestral patrilineages of anatomically modern humans that left Africa between 35,000 and 89,000 years ago.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1914832/pdf/ajhg00024-0161.pdf
The Origins of the Lemba “Black Jews” of Southern Africa: Evidence
THIS STUDY OF 436 Individuals tested:
Lemba – 12
Jewish – 14
European – 3
Indian – 13
Negroes – 0
Khoisan – 0
Lemba – 18
Jewish – 11
European – 39
Indian – 35
Negroid – 38
Khoisan – 29
Lembe – 14
Jewish – 3
European – 1
Indian – 0
Negroid – 144
Khoisan – 61
African Blacks / so-called Negroids have both the YAP/p12f2/Alu(-)/10 kb and the YAP/p12f2/Alu(+)/10 kb.
You are correct that it is rare to find the DELETION in Black Africans that is the 12f2-8kb!!!!!!
the Skeptic
You are NOT comprehending your copy/paste – QUOTE, ““Group VI (haplotype 54, which carries the M201 mutation, …, which carry the p12f2 mutation) represents 16% and 5% of the northern and eastern African chromosomes, respectively, but is absent in sub-Saharan populations.” – TRANSLATION – NORTH AFRICA IS ESSENTIALLY ARAB SEMITIC WHITE.
QUOTE, “…Haplotypes carrying the M201 or p12f2 mutations are common in southern central Europe and the Middle East (Semino et al. 1996, 2000; Rosser et al. 2000; Malaspina et al. 2001; Scozzari et al. 2001), and their distribution has been associated with the Neolithic expansion from the Middle East (Semino et al. 1996, 2000; Bosch et al. 2001)(***NOTE*** – emphasis mine). It is worth noting that the frequency of group VI chromosomes in the Ethiopian Jews (just one chromosome out of 22) is similar to that reported for the p12f2 chromosomes in the Oromo from Ethiopia (4%) and is considerably lower than the frequency reported for the Amhara of the same region (33%), for whom a strong Middle Eastern genetic component has been reported (Semino et al. 2002)(***NOTE*** – emphasis mine). These data, together with those reported elsewhere (Ritte et al. 1993a, 1993b; Hammer et al. 2000) suggest that the Ethiopian Jews acquired their religion without substantial genetic admixture from Middle Eastern peoples and that they can be considered an ethnic group with essentially a continental African genetic composition.”,( ***NOTE – little(some Arab Semitic White admixture – NOT totally absent as shown by the haplomarkers), ”
What don’t you get – shows presence of Arab Semitic White admixture from forced, and, consensual, unions from the slave trade?
CN
You are wasting my time. This issue is resolved.
A human Y-linked DNA polymorphism and its potential for estimating genetic and evolutionary distance.
http://www.mendeley.com/research/human-ylinked-dna-polymorphism-potential-estimating-genetic-evolutionary-distance/
“…The p12f2 probe also detected Y-specific DNA fragments in the gorilla and chimpanzee.”
Are these also White-Semites?
You blew it. The deletion is a unique genomic evolutionary event.
The Skeptic
FIRST, quit denying Arab admixture for the more Caucasian looks of Somalis,Ethiopians, and,, Sudanese, BEYOND phenotypical variation – even your OWN sources back this – it happened – get over it.
SECOND, read the article MORE closely -QUOTE,”“…The p12f2 PROBE(***emphasis, mine***) also detected Y-specific DNA fragments in the gorilla and chimpanzee.”” It was NOT detected but used to find fragments – translation – SIMILARITIES between apes,and, humans – chimpanzees vary genetically from humans by less than 1/2 of 1 %. Keep trying – how many times, NOW, have you told us this matter was resolved???
This issue is resolved
the Skeptic
Resolved as in there is Arab admixture in Ethiopians, Somalis, and, Sudanese, that give them a more Caucasian look than phenotypical variation, and, the J* haplomarkers are Semitic White that are present in these groups.
the Skeptic
Resolved as in Arab admixture gives many Ethiopians, Somalis, and Sudanese more Caucasian looking features above, and, beyond phenotypical variation, and that the J* haplomarker group ia a Semitic White haplomarker occurring in Semites, and mixed peoples.
Divergent outcomes of intrachromosomal recombination on the human Y chromosome: male infertility and recurrent polymorphism. By P Blanco, M Shlumukova, C Sargent, M Jobling, N Affara, M Hurles
http://www.mendeley.com/research/divergent-outcomes-intrachromosomal-recombination-human-y-chromosome-male-infertility-recurrent-polymorphism/
“The Y chromosome provides a unique opportunity to study mutational processes within the human genome, decoupled from the confounding effects of interchromosomal recombination.
…It has been suggested that the increased density of certain dispersed repeats on the Y could account for the high frequency of causative microdeletions relative to single nucleotide mutations in infertile males.
…Previously we localised breakpoints of an AZFa microdeletion close to two highly homologous complete human endogenous retroviral sequences (HERV), separated by 700kb.
…Here we show, by sequencing across the breakpoint, that the microdeletion occurs in register within a highly homologous segment between the HERVs.
…Furthermore, we show that recurrent double crossovers have occurred between the HERVs, resulting in the loss of a 1.5kb insertion from one HERV, an event underlying the first ever Y chromosomal polymorphism described, the 12f2 deletion.
…This event produces a substantially longer segment of absolute homology and as such may result in increased predisposition to further intrachromosomal recombination.
…Intrachromosomal crosstalk between these two HERV sequences can thus result in either homogenising sequence conversion or a microdeletion causing male infertility.
…This represents a major subclass of AZFa deletions.
Keywords: HERV; AZFa; infertility; Y chromosome.
http://s4.zetaboards.com/Afro_Asian_mt_DNA/topic/9089333/1/#new
The Skeptic – I already provided you with several MORE recent links by authorities showing the J* originates in the ME, and, does NOT occur in Blacks(or, any other ethnic group), unless MIXED. Additionally, here is a link from YOUR link showing an excellent chart: http://www.members.cox.net/generalbanks/completecategorieshapj.html
This is resolved. The deletion has been detected in men who are not Hg J12f2.2-8kb. The deletion has been connected to infertility. Africans, Asians, and Native Americans do not have the deletion but the ancestral allele 12f2.1-10-kb.
You can have the last uninformative word on J*12f2. This issue is resolved. Kaput. Dead. Done. Buried. I shall not respond to this topic again.
Get interesting.
the Skeptic
Guess you just don’t like Arab/Black admixture – that is how J* got there, or, any of the other ethnic groups – your source is OLD and OUTDATED – even used one of YOUR other source to show J* doe NOT occur in Blacks – NOW, consider it resolved – you need not respond further.
James the Just
Look up the statistics on government aid in the US – the largest numbers, and, percentages, are Whites. GEE – China sure seems to be enjoying the interest on the loans the US gets from them. Seems the Japanese have made the most advancements in technology lately. Set aside your bigotry.
However, the geneticists were not sure how Tutankhemun’s paternal lineage came to Egypt from its region of origin. The centre is now using DNA testing to search for the closest living relatives of “King Tut”. How absurd! However, the so-called “geneticists” are not sure how a Barbarian reached Egypt 10,000 years ago.
My advice is to start looking near the artic circle, for that is where they would have lived, if they would have evolved during that period, as of yet. This is simply another case of the BarbArians placing themselves in ancient Hamite civilzations, where they were not. Maybe they should also take a look at mythical Madai, maybe he was a fictional Mede.
(See ‘Science Fiction @ www. af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL3E7J135P20110801)
A personal genomics company in Switzerland says they’ve reconstructed a DNA profile of King Tutankhamen by watching the Discovery Channel, claiming the results suggest more than half of Western European men are related to the boy king. But researchers who worked to decode Tut’s genome in the first place say the claim is “unscientific.”
Swiss genomics company iGENEA has launched a Tutankhamen DNA project based on what they say are genetic markers that appeared on a computer screen during a Discovery Channel special on the famous pharaoh’s genetic lineage.
“Maybe they didn’t know what they showed, but we got 16 markers from the Y chromosome from these pharaohs,” Roman Scholz, the managing director of iGENEA, told LiveScience.
John Hammurabi
I have pointed out several times now – Arabs have all the same Caucasian haplomarkers Europeans do, plus four more, making then Semitic White rather than Indo European Aryan White, that no other ethnic group has.It stands to reason that Europeans have some haplomarkers in common with Arabs.Carol Thatcher, Margaret Thatcher’s daughter has 24% Arab heritage: http://genealogy.about.com/b/2006/10/30/thatchers-middle-eastern-roots.htm
I guess DNA TRIBES has put a rest to the CENTURIES of lying and wishful thinking by the barbaric Europeans
. Tut is TOTALLY and COMPLETELY BLACK AFRICAN, now you can run off to China and pretend you are the creators of it, LOL.
Who invented the computers you are using? White westerners did invent modern China as far as the technology so they don’t need to “claim” anything. Everyone knows. But I don’t know if you are serious or not, you are so ridiculous.
There are many things from the past that we were never taught. Read and watch (short video) about ancient inventions that are basically being swept under the carpet because there is no easy explanation. They are all quietly tucked into museums around the world.
http://www.educatinghumanity.com/2011/04/technology-from-past-that-fit-no-modern.html